Ethics Notes Chapters 1 and 2 Essay Example

Ethics Notes Chapters 1 and 2 Essay Ethical issues exist in all areas of criminal justice system (from passage of laws to punishment) Criminal justice professionals have discretion Legislators: in making laws Police: in enforcing laws Attorneys and Judges: affecting justice process Correctional Professionals: affecting offenders lives What do criminal justice professionals have in common? power to make decisions duty to enforce the law obligation to provide â€Å"due process† and â€Å"equal protection† for all commitment to â€Å"public service† Goals of the study of ethics -Braswell Become aware of and open to ethical issues Begin developing critical thinking skills Become more personally responsible Understand coercive element of the justice system Develop wholesight (the ability to explore with one’s heart as well as one’s mind) Defining Terms morals The judgment of behavior as right or wrong. ethics The study and analysis of what constitutes good or bad conduct. * The two words are often used interchangeably. meta-ethics Technical investigation of the meaning of ethical terms, as well as how ethical statements can be verified. ormative ethics Definition of right conduct and moral duties. applied ethics Application of ethical principles to specific issues or fields. professional ethics Examination of the behavior of certain professional groups. duties Moral obligations that one must carry out to be considered ethical. supererogatory An act that goes beyond duty and is not required to be considered good or moral. imperfect duties General obligatio n with no specific acts. Honesty Health Family Financial success Beauty What else are values? Are some more important than others? We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics Notes Chapters 1 and 2 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics Notes Chapters 1 and 2 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics Notes Chapters 1 and 2 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To be judgedmoral or immoral,behavior must involve: human acts of free will affecting others. Inventory of Ethical Issues Individual or Other Employees backstabbing and lack of support gossip sexual or racial harassment lying to cover up blame taking credit for others’ work sexual or racial harassment Organization and Employees sexual or racial harassment by supervisors discouraging honest criticism or feedback arbitrary or unfair decisions inadequate compensation inadequate training unrealistic or inappropriate demands putting employees in unnecessary danger By the Individual and Organization work ethic (day’s work for a day’s pay) petty theft of supplies or cash overtime abuse gifts and gratuities falsifying reports misuse of sick days personal use of supplies or equipment Morality and Behavior Even when people know what is right, sometimes they choose to do wrong—why? Criminology Psychology Other fields seek to answer this question Are people fundamentally good or fundamentally bad? Thinking Point Omar Thornton of Connecticut walked into his employer, Hartford Distributors, for a hearing concerning his possible termination. During the meeting, Thornton pulled out a pistol and shot ten of his coworkers, killing eight, before turning the gun on himself. What caused Thornton to carry out this horrific act? Was he born intrinsically bad? Was he a good person that had a tragic turn of circumstances that forced him into a criminal act? Morality = Law ? Ethical Issues and Dilemmas Decriminalization of soft drugs? Sex-offender registries? Death penalty? Mandatory DNA testing? Three-strikes legislation? Racial profiling? Steps for ClarifyingEthical Dilemmas Review all the facts. Identify relevant values of all parties. Identify all moral issues. Identify most immediate moral issue. Resolve the dilemma. CHAPTER 2: Determining Moral Behavior Ethical Systems Deontological Ethical Systems Teleological Ethical Systems Ethical Formalism According to German philosopher Immanuel Kant: Good will (motivation) is the only thing that is intrinsically good. Duty is required behavior. It is self-imposed and necessary to morality. The Categorical Imperative Ethical Formalism: Imperatives Categorical imperatives Are absolute. Are based on good will. Determine morality. You must not lie. Criticisms of Ethical Formalism Utilitarianism Jeremy Bentham An action’s morality depends on how much it contributes to the overall good of society. Humans are hedonistic. They seek to maximize pleasure and avoid pain. ood for the greatest number Thinking Point On April 20th, 2010 a British Petroleum offshore rig exploded killing 11 employees and causing one of the largest oil spills in modern history. Investigators soon located the faulty alarm systems. The alarms did not alert because they had been intentionally disconnected close to a year ago. BP had the alarms turned off in order to allow employees to sleep without being interrupted by false alarms thus creating a better functioning workforce. If the alarms were enabled, the rig would have automatically entered shut down mode, virtually eliminating the oil spill. Was BP’s original â€Å"act† inherently good? Bad? Did they have a duty to act one way or the other? Criticisms of Utilitarianism Religion People hold different opinions about which religion is the â€Å"true† religion. People within a religion often disagree on how to interpret its principles. Religious controversies are often difficult to resolve. Natural Law Criticisms of Natural Law How can we determine what is natural law versus man-made law? What are the â€Å"natural† laws of morality? The Ethics of Virtue Aristotle True virtue is the median between extremes of character: the golden mean. People develop moral virtues through practice, just like any other strength. Eudaimonia: living the â€Å"good life† Six Pillars (Josephson Institute) Trustworthiness : Honesty, sincerity, loyalty Respect : Golden Rule Responsibility : Being accountable Fairness : Equality, impartiality, and due process Caring : Altruism and benevolence Citizenship : Duties of citizenship Criticisms of Ethics of Virtue Basically assumes a good person will make a good decision. Little help for people facing dilemmas. The Ethics of Care Western ethical systems focus on issues like rights, laws, and universalism. Ethics of care—nurturance, meeting needs Criticisms of Ethics of Care The Ethics of Virtue Criticisms of Egoism Violates universalism. Logically inconsistent (for everyone to try and maximize self interest). Enlightened egoism is not too different from categorical imperative or golden rule. Other Methods ofEthical Decision Making The imperative principle directs a decision maker to act according to a specific, unbending rule. The utilitarian principle determines the ethics of conduct by the good or bad consequences of the action. The generalization principle is based on this question: â€Å"What would happen if all similar persons acted this way under similar circumstances? † General Principles ofDecision Making Obtain all facts (including the effects of prospective decisions). Evaluate whether you’d be comfortable with your decision appearing on the front page (in public view). Consider one’s principles to be like a formula – applicable in all situations. Relativism Ethical Relativism Moral systems are products of an individual or group. If people believe different things are good and bad, how can you define what is good? Situational Ethics: A compromise between relativism and absolutism There are basic principles of right and wrong. They can be applied to ethical dilemmas and moral issues. They may call for different results in different situations. 1. Treat each person with the utmost respect and care. 2. Do one’s duty or duties in such a way that one does not violate the first principle. Summary of Ethical Systems Ethical formalism: What is good is that which conforms to the categorical imperative. Utilitarianism: What is good is that which results in the greatest utility for the greatest number. Religion: What is good is that which conforms to God’s will. Natural law: What is good is that which is natural. Ethics of virtue: What is good is that which conforms to the Golden Mean. Ethics of care: What is good is that which meets the needs of those concerned. Egoism: What is good is that which benefits me.

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Law vs. Ethics ( In Training) Business Law Assignments Essay

Law vs. Ethics ( In Training) Business Law Assignments - Essay Example This diversity is also evident especially when according to one person or group, a certain behavior may be unethical or unlawful, but to the other it is acceptable. Ethics comprise of â€Å"divine† behaviors, which an individual ought to do to others, and expect a similar reciprocation despite many of them lacking tangible documentation. Conversely, laws are universal, consistent, legislated, written and accepted directives whose core purpose is to show the government’s position concerning a society’s behavior. Despite laws and ethics being applicable in all occupations entailing human life, they do not have a common standard (Kerridge, Lowe and McPhee 84). Since, the relationship amid the two in some circumstances usually differs despite both having a similar core purpose. For illustration, in some instances what many people perceive to be illegal may be ethical or vice versa whereas in other occasions both the law and ethics overlap. This is evident in the medical field where the law compels the doctor to act as necessitated in providing the necessary assistance to the ailing person, which is also in accordance to ethics (Kerridge, Lowe and McPhee 594). However, it is not a law for the doctor when he or she is unable to handle a certain patient’s condition to refer him or her to a more experienced specialist (Kerridge, Lowe and McPhee 151). This is an ethical responsibility where the doctor acts compassionately to help the patient. The doctor could wait for the hospital’s m anagement to dictate the patient’s next move according to the patient’s progress records. Hence, implying laws are ethically neutral. This is because there is no room where law enforcement process can compel the specialist to act at his or her level best given that ethics emanate from a person’s moral values (Kerridge, Lowe and McPhee 146). In addition, laws compared to the ethics are stricter and entail full conformity where one fails to comply with them. Therefore, one is

Material Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Material Science - Essay Example Graphene is another example of a nano-structural material that is being used in the optic and electronic industry, due to its high energy capacity and also the high rate of charge. Scanning probe microscope works through the use of a physical probe that scans specimens and then provides the recorded data that is depicted in the form of a heat map that takes either an orange or a black and white image. Shear stress refers to the force that pushes particles within a liquid, gaseous or solid material in the direction that is parallel to the surface/plane. On the other hand, tensile stress refers to the forces that push a particle on to the other from varied directions. Compressive stress refers to the forces in the materials that push the material particles against one another. A phase diagram offers information related to the structure of a material through graphic presentation, which indicates the relationship between solid, liquids and gaseous state of a material when the material is heat-treated. It offers information regarding at which heat-point the solid state of material changes to liquid, and at which heat-point the liquid changes into gas. Annealing refers to the heat treatment of a material such that it increases its ductility and becomes more workable. Quenching refers to the rapid cooling of a material through immersion into a liquid such as oil or water, to form a certain material property that is activatable in different material states. Austenitizing refers to the heat-treatment of material such that it attains certain hardening characteristic when it is cooled down through quenching. Normalizing is a heat-treatment method for materials that softens the materials without producing the uniformity of the material property. Collision occurs on the event of two signals being sent through the same channel of transmission, such that the signals collide with each other. Packet collision is a form of

Inter-Global Medicares Expansion Strategy Essay

Inter-Global Medicares Expansion Strategy - Essay Example Having good quality product and service packages would likely attract upper and middle class citizens in the market. These people can afford quality health care. In most cases in the developing countries, such people usually seek alternative opinion on medication from the developed countries. The U. S is one such destination for such patients. This puts into perspective the strategic position that the company would have in such markets. Having a health facility that will be able to offer these services within their countries will thus be a relief as it will save on the travel expenses besides the timeliness in cases of emergencies.The potential audiences for this business plan include potential financers such as monetary lending institutions and possible partners. All these have a common interest in the plan; its viability and the promise for returns. The plan must therefore prove beyond any reasonable doubt that it is achievable and practical. In proving these, it is common knowledg e that most African countries are underdeveloped. They lack the quality basic services such as health care. Despite the poverty levels in the continent, it is also evident that it has some of the world’s richest men. The firm is not setting foot in Africa to exploit the people there, but to assure quality for the money that every single client will opt to invest in own health.Inter- Global Medicare offers both services and product delivery. This thus divides its potential market into two.... All these have a common interest in the plan; its viability and the promise for returns. The plan must therefore prove beyond any reasonable doubt that it is achievable and practical. In proving these, it is common knowledge that most African countries are underdeveloped. They lack the quality basic services such as health care. Despite the poverty levels in the continent, it is also evident that it has some of the world’s richest men. The firm is not setting foot in Africa to exploit the people there, but to assure quality for the money that every single client will opt to invest in own health. Inter- Global Medicare offers both services and product delivery. This thus divides its potential market into two. The company runs both a private hospital and an all-inclusive pharmacy. The first market segment includes those who will seek medical services on the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. These will be the hospital’s clients. Offering both out and in-patient services , the hospital looks forward to having a very busy schedule. On the other hand, the hospital will run a pharmacy. This is a facility which will be developed within the premises of the hospital. This follows an understanding that there are some ailments in which self-medication is effective in controlling. At one time everyone uses such. However, in the purchase of these, the clients normally attach a lot of importance in the effectiveness of the drugs they buy (Tabbush, 2011). To ensure this, the facility plans to have drugs which are affordable availed to the customers at their convenience. This further widens the customer base because of the price disparity between

The Godfather Movie Analysis Film Studies Essay

The Godfather Movie Analysis Film Studies Essay The Godfather (1972) is a one of a kind movie; it is even considered by many an American classic. The American Film Institute (AFI) has The Godfather listed at number two in 2008 as one of the greatest films in American culture today. This movie has everything from great action scenes to world famous actors. This movie stars Marlon Brando, Al Pacino, and James Cann among many others. The Godfather portrays one major theme throughout the entire movie and that is violence. Almost every scene in this movie is either a shot of actual violence accruing or the audience sees some of the characters talking about violence. However, it is the violence in this movie that makes it the classic it is today. The opening scene in The Godfather is of man pleading with Don Vito Corleone (Marlon Brando) to hurt some men out of justice for his daughter. This man tells his story of his daughter being taken advantage of by some young men and it is indicated to the audience that this mans daughter was raped. This opening scene is dark with very little light shown which sets the mood for the entire movie. The audience gets the sense right away the Don Corleone holds the power to make things happen such as justice and make people pay for the wrong they have caused. After what seems to be an eternity Don Corleone grants the man his wish to bring justice to his daughter but in exchange Don Corleone tells the man that one day in the future he will call upon him for a favor. It is here in this scene that we see that Don Corleone is in charge and that violence is the reoccurring theme in the entire movie. The next scene is of a singer Johnny Fontane (Al Martino) which happens to be Don Corleones godson. Johnny is there to ask the Godfather for his help in landing a lead role in an upcoming movie. Johnny believes that if he gets this role it will help boost his career and stardom again. With this request Corleone sends his adopted son Tom Hagen (Robert Duvall) to California to make the director of the movie cast Johnny. After the director refuses to cast Johnny, Tom Hagen cuts the head off the directors favorite horse and puts it in the directors bed while he is sleeping. We assume that after this violence occurs the director casts Johnny in his movie. When the camera shoots to the director in bed there is a lot of blood and the audience actually gets to see a severed horse head. This is scene is very gruesome and realistic. After this scene it is clear that if the Corleone family doesnt get or hear what they want that they will use any action to make their needs met. This scene is use d to show the power the Corleone family holds throughout the country. Again violence was the main objective in this scene. In the upcoming scenes in The Godfather are some of the most important events in the movie because these events are what lead to the continuation of the movie. When Hagen returns from California, the entire Corleone entourage goes to a very important meeting where they meet up with a man named Virgil Sollozzo (Al Lettieri.) Sollozzo wants Corleones corporation in protecting the rival Tattaglia family because of their interest in getting started in trafficking heroin. Coreleone refuses to help because he believes that getting involved with narcotics will destroy his political connections and his reputation. After this meeting Corleone becomes very concerned and sends one of his biggest men, Luca Brasi (Lenny Montana) to check in with Sollozzo to see what he is up to but while Brasi is there he is stabbed in the hand and is beaten to death. Again, we see violence used as a way to get things done. Brasi is killed because Sollozzo is being set up. It comes as a shock to the audience beca use in this scene all of the characters are standing calmly talking to one another when all of a sudden a man takes a knife and stabs Brasi hand into the counter top. The audience gets to experience the entirety of how horrific it is for Brasi because the camera is focused on Brasi hand when the knife goes through it. In this scene it is clear that other families have efficient ways of handling business. It seems as though there is a competition between the different families and who ever can do the most damage is the family who holds the most power. The next major, important scene is where Corleone is shopping in an outdoor market, purchasing fruit. Corleone has his back towards the camera and the audience feels that something bad is about to happen. Moments later the camera shows men running towards Corleone with guns pointed toward him. These men start shooting Corleone until he falls to the ground. These men shot Corleone because he refused Sollozzos offer. At the same time Corleone is being shot, Sollozzo captures Hagen and tries to convince him to tell Corleones oldest son Sonny (James Cann) to take the offer. This is one of the less graphic scenes the audience gets to experience, this is probably done discretely because it represents the respect people hold for Corleone. Here, the audience experiences more of an emotional effect when Corleone is shot. Even though he is a mob boss the audience has learned to except and like Corleone and to see him shot causes sadness. There is hope for us that he is okay and that becomes a relief. The youngest son out of the Corleone family is Micheal (Al Pacino) who is a war hero and is assumed to not follow in the family mob business. This all changes though when Michael goes to visit his father in the hospital and realizes that there is a set up occurring in an attempt to try and kill his father for a second time. When Micheal stops the murder attempt, a corrupt police caption name McCluskey (Sterling Hayden) breaks his jaw out of frustration. Sonny then retaliates by killing Tattaglias son. This is almost another touching scene because we see how emotional Corleone sons are towards their father. The audience really starts to see the meaning of family and how strong their bond is. Michael is really starts to be seen here because he steps up and keeps his cool unlike his brother Sonny. This family is willing to do anything to keep each other together and safe. After Michael gets his jaw broken there is a fire inside of him that is initiated and he wants to seek revenge not only for himself but also for the attempt on his fathers life. With that being said he meets Sollozzo and McCluskey at a small Italian restaurant to settle and end this dispute. Halfway through the meal Michael asks to use the bathroom; in the bathroom Michal has planted a gun so he could kill Solozzo and McCuskey. As Michael returns to the table we hear the sound of a subway train which is loud and very squeaky and this sound contradicts the calm movement and expression on Michaels face. Because of the harsh sound of the subway and Michaels cool attitude the audience knows something bad is about to happen. Then all of sudden Micheal pulls out the gun and shots Sollozzo and McCluskey it the head. At this point the audience starts to notice the strength of violence in this film but it is done in almost a tasteful way. There is never a crime committed in this movie that is nt done without purpose and deep thought. Every murder is thought out and planned carefully. The mafia business is scary to the audience but for these characters it is everyday business that they have to take care of. Even though there is a great deal of violence in this movie and around the corner of every scene there seems to be a murder or crime being committed there is something else the audience gets to experience and that is the strength of family unity. The Corleone family has a very strong bond and will do anything to keep the family safe and together. We especially see this when Sonny gets a phone call from his sister Connie (Talia Shire.) Connie proceeds to tell Sonny that she is being abused by her husband Carlo (Gianni Russo.) With this news Sonny goes and beats up Carlo and warns him that if he touches his sister again he will kill Carlo. Just as the audience expected Carlo beats Connie again and so now Sonny goes to kill him but while Sonny is at a toll booth he is ambushed and shot to death but the other rival families. The last major scene that involves violence is at the very end of the film. The scene starts with christening of Connies baby where Michael is to assume role of the godfather to the child. As the christening proceeds has planned the assassination of the murder for each the heads of the rival families. While the audience sees shots of the christening taking place there is also scene shots of the murders of the heads of the family. Each head is shot to death and this shows the power Michael has now. Michael can be doing some completely different but has the control to handle business while doing something so pure, such as being at a christening. There is great irony in that. It shows the value of family but also how the family business will take over Michaels life. Michael, as much as his father had tried to steer Michael away from the family business is now clearly the new leader and assumes all the responsibility that his father had.

Employee Motivation Essay -- Work Job Employee Motivation Management

Employee Motivation INTRODUCTION In the quest to obtain the maximum from employees and achieve organizational success, employers recognised the need to acknowledge that people have complex needs. With the growing affluence of our society, Singaporeans of today are no longer solely driven by money but also challenges inherent in their responsibility. This is supported by our Senior Minister Goh who recently commented that Singaporeans prefer the experience of working abroad than locally as the foreign employer advocate the importance of not only work, but also the employee’s needs.(TODAY, 15 March 07). Before discussing the motivational strategies, a simplistic approach will be taken, using Hackman Oldham’s Job Characteristics Model, which defines the workforce into two categories. The first category consist of staff in job settings which are low in skill variety, task identity, task significance, low autonomy and feedback and followed by staff in complicated job settings with scorer high in all fronts (Robbins, Millet, Waters-Marsh, 2004). GOAL SETTING / EXPECTANCY THEORY â€Å"Specific hard goals produce a higher level of output than does the generalised goal of ‘do your best† (Robbins, 2003). This statement defines Edwin Locke’s goal-setting theory which advocates giving employees clear targets so that they are aware of what needs to be done and how much effort to be expended. While easier goals are more readily accepted, difficult goals, when accepted, result in higher performance as the specificity of goals itself acts as an internal stimulus. Also, people tend to perform better when timely feedback is provided (Bartol, Tein, Matthews, and Martin, 2005). When applied to individuals who are motivated by inhe... ...cShane, S and Glinow, MA 2003, Organisational Behaviour, McGraw-Hill, New York. McShane, S and Travaglione, T 2007, Organisational Behaviour on the Pacific Rim, Irwin/McGraw-Hill, Sydney. Robbins, SP 2003, Organisational Behaviour, Prentice Hall, Sydney Robbins, SP, Millet, B, and Waters-Marsh, T, 2004, Organisational Behaviour, Prentice-Hall, Sydney Wood, J, Chapman, K, Fromholtz, M, Morrison, V, Wallace, J, Zeffane, R, Kennedy, R, Schermerhorn, J, Hunt, J and Osborn, R 2004, Organisational Behaviour: A Global Perspective, John Wiley & Sons, Brisbane. Internet References â€Å"Singapore leaking talent† http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/specialreport/news/264096_8/1/.html Fortune’s â€Å"Best companies to work for.†http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/01/22/8397996/index.htm AIA Singapore http://www.aia.com.sg/Content.asp?ca_typeid=4

Cyber Security India Essay

†¢After China and the U.S., India has the highest number of Internet users. There are also an estimated over 381 million mobile phone subscriptions with Internet connectivity. In the list of online infection risk India ranks 9th and in personal computer across the globe, India ranks 7th. †¢A recent survey by McAfee named India next to Brazil, Romania and Mexico the least able to defend against cyber attacks. †¢Cyber security threats and hacking attempts in India rose to 22,060 in 2012 from 23 in 2004 What it means †¢Cyber terrorism is the convergence of terrorism and cyberspace. It is generally understood to mean unlawful attacks and threats of attacks against computers, networks, and the information stored therein when done to intimidate or coerce a government or its people in furtherance of political or social objectives. Cyber Threats Cyber threats can be disaggregated, based on the perpetrators and their motives, into four baskets: cyber espionage, cyberwarfare, cyberterrorism, and cyber crime. Cyber Warfare – attacking the information systems of other countries for espionage and for disrupting their critical infrastructure. Why Cyber Security is needed †¢Third most populous country after China and India is not any geographical entity but a ‘virtual state’ called facebook! †¢The same computing DNA that produced the communications revolution has also created acute vulnerabilities – and attractive terror targets – for societies that depend on cyberspace for national security and economic survival. †¢The growing dependency on the information technology (IT) makes cybersecurity a vital component of the India’s national security infrastructure. Lately, data collection, processing, storage, transmission capabilities, mobile, wireless, and cloud computing are increasing in huge numbers and make cyber attacks easily to occur. †¢Considered the newest domain in modern warfare, cyberspace has now joined the ranks of traditional areas assessed by militaries all over the world. And this is exactly how cyberspace should be assessed, since an effective terrorist attack against a nation’s power grid, for example, could result in massive loss of life, crippling damage to infrastructure and a blow to the economy that could take years to repair. Stuxnet has carried out what in the past could only be accomplished by directly bombing a country’s infrastructure or sending in human agents to plant explosives. †¢It can affect Infrastructures like banking system, air traffic control, power infrastructure and gas pipelines. †¢Destruction now can bypass the military force and attack via â€Å"cyber-brute-force† suppressing a country’s military control systems, navigation, communication system, shutting down or paralysing critical infrastructure and affecting the country’s economy, cyber-weapons linking nuclear weapons †¢Most common usage of Internet is by designing and uploading websites on which false propaganda can be pasted. This comes under the category of using technology for psychological warfare. †¢The web can promote and support acts o f terrorism by means of propaganda, promotion, instructional dissemination and execution, financing, training, recruiting and can also facilitate specific attacks. †¢Non-state actors have the technology to create cyber attacks or endanger the cyber environment of the global socio-political system. The 2011, Arab Spring revolution in Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya was successful to use cyberspace to pass its message. †¢Threats abound: cyber crime, cyber espionage, cyber war and cyber terrorism, all represent genuine risks to nations, firms and individuals around the world. Experts reckoned it is a matter of time before cyberspace becomes an â€Å"independent theatre of war†. †¢With the rapid march of technology, such attacks will only become more widespread as the use of Internet for manipulating things increases. â€Å"We have now entered into a new phase of conflict in which cyber weapons can be used to create physical destruction in someone else’s critical infrastructure. And there is a distinct possibility that the disruptions and dislocations it causes are permanent and severe.† E.g †¢The Flame virus (which has been circulating for more than five years and has yet to be claimed by an owner, although speculation centres around Israel) has turned the computer into the ultimate spy, gathering data files, turning on PC microphones to record nearby conversations, logging instant messaging chats, taking screen shots and even remotely changing settings on other computers. †¢Moreover, hacker groups, such as Anonymous and Lulz Security (Lulz Sec), have executed distributed denial of service (DDOS). Under that process, they were successful to deface websites to various governmental and corporate interests. They hacked NASDAQ and International Momentary Fund (IMF). †¢Internet’s capabilities dictate the rules of engagement in cyberspace to initiate on-ground battles and at the same time create a fertile ground for new, aspiring jihadist. †¢In the recent past, the case of Stuxnet virus which attacked centrifuges. While the targeted victim was the Natanz nuclear site in Iran, other organisations across the world, including in India, operating with the Siemens system suffered from collateral damage from the attack. †¢Since 2000-01, there have been regular reports of Pakistani cyber criminals defacing Indian websites and writing derogatory messages against India. On the other hand, China has become a formidable adver sary in cyber space. Recent cases of Chinese hacking into many Indian government establishment computers and even the highly secure national security domains provide enough evidence of its capability in waging cyber warfare. Since 2003, the People’s Liberation Army has trained more than 30,000 cyber warriors and another 150,000 in the private sector. According to several reports available in the public domain, the Chinese goal is to build the world’s best ‘informationised armed forces’. †¢ Existing Counter Cyber Security Initiatives. Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (Cert-In). Cert-In is the most important constituent of India’s cyber community. Its mandate states, ‘ensure security of cyber space in the country by enhancing the security communications and information infrastructure, through proactive action and effective collaboration aimed at security incident prevention and response and security assurance’. National Information Security Assurance Programme (NISAP). (a) Government and critical infrastructures should have a security policy and create a point of contact. (b) Mandatory for organizations to implement security control and report any security incident to Cert-In. (c) Cert-In to create a panel of auditor for IT security. (d) All organizations to be subject to a third party audit from this panel once a year. (e) Cert-In to be reported about security compliance on periodic basis by the organizations. Indo-US Cyber Security Forum (IUSCSF). Under this forum (set up in 2001) high power delegations from both side met and several initiatives were announced for intensifying bilateral cooperation to control cyber crime between the two countries. To mitigate supply-chain risks emanating from telecom equipment manufactured by companies belonging to China, the telecom and home affairs ministry have issued guidelines mandating service provides to secure their networks and induct equipment that has been tested as per international standards. CCTNS taking help of ISRO for making project fully indigenous Warned by intelligence agencies that using a foreign satellite in the proposed nationwide Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS) could make critical databases vulnerable to eavesdropping by other countries, the Union Home Ministry has decided to take the help of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to make the project fully indigenous. Since the intelligence agencies raised objections to the proposed use of the IPSTAR satellite managed by Thaicomm in the project, the BSNL diverted to this project some 400 VSATs that it had for other services. Fact Box: National Cyber Coordination Centre (NCCC) Indian government will establish its own multi-agency body — National Cyber Coordination Centre (NCCC) — that would carry out â€Å"real-time assessment of cyber security threats† and â€Å"generate actionable reports/alerts for proactive actions† by law enforcement agencies. NCCC , to be set up at a cost of Rs 1000 crore, would be a multi-agency body under Department of Electronics and IT. It will function in sync with other government agencies. These agencies include: †¢National Security Council Secretariat (NSCS) †¢Intelligence Bureau (IB) †¢Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) †¢Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) †¢National Technical Research Organisation (NTRO) †¢Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) †¢DIARA (Defence Information Assurance and Research Agency) †¢Army, Navy, Air Force †¢Department of Telecommunications What will be its functions? †¢It will be India’s first layer for cyber threat monitoring and all communication with government and private service providers would be through this body only. †¢The NCCC would be in virtual contact with the control room of all Internet Service Providers to scan traffic within the country, flowing at the point of entry and exit, including international gateway. †¢Apart from monitoring the Internet, the NCCC would look into various threats posed by cyber attacks. †¢ The agency will provide law enforcement agencies direct access to all Internet accounts, be it e-mails, blogs or social networking data. DRDO doesn’t uses any US based company services in its organization. Challenges In India, we need to create an environment within which security is built into our cyber and communications working methods. While it is the government that correctly takes a lead in evolving a coherent picture of what constitutes vulnerability in our cyber domain and a strategy on how to counter attacks, the private sector needs to recognise the real threat it faces. And this is not a future threat or a prospective threat that we need to prepare ourselves against; this is an ongoing, current threat.Cyber threat will continue to grow due to the fast evolution and development of internet and related technologies. At the global level, nations are stepping up their cyber defence efforts. The U.S. was one of the first countries that considered this to be a strategic problem in 2006, both in terms of national security and their future economic wellbeing. †¢The major concern when dealing with Cyber threats is ubiquity and anonymity. What other international medium is highly accessible, far-reaching, ridiculously inexpensive, whereby information is transferred at the speed of light, the attacker invisible and untraceable? Unlike a missile trajectory, IP (Internet Protocol) pathways can be masked and the locations appear opaque. Implicating a source and assigning blame to the attack progenitor is extremely difficult. †¢the extreme difficulty of producing timely actionable warning of potential cyber attacks †¢the extreme complex vulnerability associated with the IT supply chain for various India’s networks †¢India’s approach to cyber security has so far been ad hoc and piecemeal. A number of organisations have been created but their precise roles have not been defined nor synergy has been created among them. †¢ Lack of awareness and the culture of cyber security at individual as well as institutiona l level. †¢ Lack of trained and qualified manpower to implement the counter measures. †¢Too many information security organisations which have become weak due to ‘turf wars’ or financial compulsions. †¢A weak IT Act which has became redundant due to non exploitation and age old cyber laws. †¢ No e-mail account policy especially for the defence forces, police and the agency personnel. †¢Cyber attacks have come not only from terrorists but also from neighboring countries inimical to our National interests. Recommendations. International Co-operation †¢Acknowledging that better indigenous snooping capabilities may not be enough to protect India’s cyber security, National Security Advisor Shivshankar Menon has advocated formulating a set of â€Å"standard operating procedures† (SOPs) — ground rules for cooperation which would help India succeed in obtaining Internet information from major powers that control much of cyber space. †¢Given the cyber reality, ‘sensible’ powers should work towards a globally acceptable cyber regime to bring in a set of rules, build transparency and reduce vulnerabilities. †¢Agreements relating to cyber security should be given the same importance as other conventional agreements. †¢The government should also consider joining the European Convention on Cyber crime. †¢A 24Ãâ€"7 nodal point for international cooperation with cyber authorities of other countries should be set up. Critical Infrastructure †¢Cyber security should be mandatory in computer science curriculum and even separate programmes on cyber security should be contemplated. Government should initiate a special drive of implementing practices in the critical infrastructure sectors and provide necessary budgetary support for such implementation. †¢ Government should establish a mechanism for measuring preparedness of critical sectors such as security index, which captures preparedness of the sector and assigns value to it. †¢Government should incorporate IT Supply Chain Security as an important element of e-security plan to address security issues. †¢Government should promote R&D in private industry through active government support for industry-led research projects in the areas of security. Establish enabling mechanisms to facilitate this. †¢Emphasis should be placed on developing and implementing standards and best practices in government functioning as well as in the private sector. Cyber security audits should be made compulsory for networked organisations. †¢Capacity building in the area of cyber crime and cyber forensics in terms of infrastructure, expertise and availability of HR and cooperation between industry, LEAs and judiciary. †¢Cyber security education, R&D and training will be an integral part of the national cyber security strategy. †¢PPP model should be explored for taking security to the regions and industry sectors. †¢Strengthening telecom security – one of the key pillars of cyber security, especially through development of standards and establishment of testing labs for telecom infrastructure(equipment, hardware). †¢More investment in this field in terms of finance and manpower. †¢The impact of the emergence of new social networking media, and convergence of technologies on society including business, economy,national security should be studied with the help of relevant experts, Legal †¢Procedural laws need to be in place to achieve cooperation and coordination of international organisations and governments to investigate and prosecute cyber criminals. †¢Government must put in place necessary amendments in existing laws or enact a new legislation like a Data Protection/Privacy Act so as to safeguard against the misuse of personal information by various government agencies and protect individual privacy. †¢Need for trained and qualified experts to deal with the highly specialised field of cyber security and laws related to it. †¢ Govt Machinery †¢Make it a mandatory requirement for all government organisations and private enterprises to have a designated Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) who would be responsible for cyber security. †¢Establishment of a cyber range to test cyber readiness. †¢ More powers to sectoral CERTs. †¢Establish an online mechanism for cyber crime-related complaints to be recorded. †¢Policymakers need to recognise this and put in place structures that allow the sharing of cyber security information through both formal and informal cyber exchanges. That requires a fast, unified action between government agencies and the private sector. †¢Indian agencies working after cyber security should also keep a close vigil on the developments in the IT sector of our potential adversaries. †¢Joint efforts by all Government agencies including defence forces to attract qualified skilled personnel for implementation of counter measures. Awareness Need to sensitize the common citizens about the dangers of cyber terrorism. Cert-in should engage academic institutions and follow an aggressive strategy. Conclusion †¢Defining how we deal with Cyber threats and attacks internationally is crucial to peace and security. If Cyber weapons are treated with indifference in comparison to other weapons then it can open the doors to multifaceted retaliation if a nation is provoked †¢Enforcing the right policies to amalgamate security of governments and law-abiding citizens is critical. The safety of individuals outweighs commercial piracy. Sophism and intellectual rhetoric redirects focus on eliminating irrefutable threats like violence and terrorism. Instead, diluted versions of policies are implemented and lives are put at risk. †¢. â€Å"India must take an early lead in creating a framework where the government, the national security experts and the industry catering to strategic sectors of economy, can come together, to pursue the goal of cyber security in the larger national cause †¢Need to prepare cyber forces . The United States was the first country to formally declare this as the fifth domain warfare after land, sea, air and space. It has also formally classified the use of cyberspace as a â€Å"force†, a euphemism for offensive capability. The Chinese adopted the concept of â€Å"informationalisation† in the mid-1990s and have relentlessly built up structures and operations in this domain. Cyber Security Dilemma †¢John Herz, an American scholar of international relations and law is credited for coining the term â€Å"security dilemma†. †¢ The dilemma expresses how both the strong and weak states can upset the balance of power that could eventually become a catalyst for war. The security dilemma could arise from the state’s accumulation of power due to fear and uncertainty about other states’ intentions. †¢ Post-9/11, successive US administrations have mostly attempted to handle global disorder by accumulating more â€Å"power†. Not surprisingly, since 2007, the US has been collecting and analysing significant amount of data available in the cyber space. †¢Cyber security dilemma of the US was recently exposed by the US whistle-blower Edward Snowden, giving details about the US National Security Agency’s controversial Prism programme. †¢ The US, clearly has been monitoring the global e-traffic covertly and in the process checking on c yber activities on Google, You Tube, Skype, Facebook, etc. This has resulted in a huge amount of metadata (a data about data). †¢ US administration has been spoofing on the rest of the world. †¢In the 21st century, with the number of computer and internet users is increasing significantly, the cyber environment has almost become fundamental to a nation’s ‘existence’. †¢ Over the years Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have become central to various sectors from social, economic, political to defence. The fillip side to it is that various unauthorised, illegal, criminal, anti-national and terrorist activities have also become rampant. Astonishing as it may sound, but the third most populous country after China and India is not any geographical entity but a ‘virtual state’ called facebook! †¢The human rights activists and states who are under the US surveillance consider it an anti-democratic act that undermines the civil liberties and individual privacy. The absence of a globally accepted cyber regime and legal structure adds further to the commotion. †¢ The excessive dependence on cyber tools has given rise to various vulnerabilities. Recently the US National Security Agency chief Gen Keith Alexander, who also heads the US military’s Cyber Command, has expressed concerns and is of the opinion that on a scale of 1 to 10, the US critical infrastructure’s preparedness to withstand a destructive cyber attack is about 3, this in spite the US having established a major defence infrastructure to defend against foreign hackers and spies. This assessment would push the US to strengthen its defences further. However, since the nature of the threat is extremely dynamic it may not be possible to build any foolproof defensive mechanism. †¢Any cyber architecture can be viewed as a doubled edged sword – either ignore it and be exposed or use it to one’s advantage. Cyber espionage is here to stay. Today, the US is upfront because of its technological superiority and ability to ‘manage’ the ICT industry and prevent few acts of terrorism from actually happening. More importantly, the data gathered would have u tility in other fields too. Conclusion: †¢Snowden has clearly exposed the US but it is hard to imagine that the US would halt its cyber activities. As a leading power, the US is accustomed to international criticism, lawsuits and questioning and at the end of the day cyber spying and spoofing actually strengthens their intelligence gathering capability. †¢It is important to note that cyber expertise offers significant amount of asymmetric advantage to the user. In the future, it is not only the US but many other states that are also likely to use this method (mostly covertly). †¢States would support a cyber regime essentially because intelligence collection is not the sole purpose for possessing cyber assets. ITC also leads to empowerment and its importance for socioeconomic development s undisputed. †¢In general, the norms of privacy in a cyber-era world would remain a constant subject of debate since the nature of technology presents a challenging task to catch the actual offender. Technologically superior power would always have an advantage. The time has come to recognize that in the future we would always be watched and mostly against our own wishes! India-US collaboration in Cyber Security Indian officials and security officers would soon be visiting the U.S. for training in an array of courses — from cyber security, megacity policing and forensics, to critical infrastructure protection, financial terrorism and anti-terrorism intelligence. â€Å"The list of training programmes include ‘Land Transportation Anti-terrorism’; ‘Weapons of Mass Destruction’; ‘Seaport Security’; ‘International Border Interdiction Training’ and ‘International Sea Interdiction Training’ to check smuggling and trafficking; ‘Handling of equipment for screening men against radiological, chemical and explosive materials’ and ‘Handling of intrusive detection at airports and seaports.’ With the growing population in cities and increasing threat perception, the U.S. has also offered India to help develop the concept of megacity policing, a step it has been promoting since the 9/11 attacks. â€Å"An advance course in surveillance, control room design and its operation by various security agencies and police authorities are key elements of this concept. Balancing vigilance and privacy As the government steps up its surveillance capabilities, the entire social contract between the state and citizens is being reformulated, with worrying consequences The Indian state is arming itself with both technological capabilities and the institutional framework to track the lives of citizens in an unprecedented manner. A new Centralised Monitoring System (CMS) is in the offing, which would build on the already existing mechanisms. As The Hindu reported on June 21, this would allow the government to access in real-time any mobile and fixed line conversation, SMS, fax, website visit, social media usage, Internet search and email, and will have ‘unmatched capabilities of deep search surveillance and monitoring’. Civil society groups and citizens expressed concern about the government’s actions, plans, and intent at a discussion organised by the Foundation for Media Professionals, on Saturday. The context Usha Ramanathan, a widely respected legal scholar, pointed to the larger political context which had permitted this form of surveillance. It stemmed, she argued, from a misunderstanding of the notion of sovereignty. â€Å"It is not the government, but the people who are sovereign.† Laws and the Constitution are about limiting the power of the state, but while people were being subjected to these restrictions, the government itself had found ways to remain above it – either by not having laws, or having ineffective regulators. States knew the kind of power they exercised over citizens, with the result that ‘impunity had grown’. â€Å"There is also a complete breakdown of the criminal justice system,† Ms Ramanathan said. This had resulted in a reliance on extra-judicial methods of investigation, and ‘scape-goating’ had become the norm. ‘National security’ had been emphasised, re-emphasised, and projected as the central goal. â€Å"We haven’t paused to ask what this means, and the extent to which we have been asked to give up personal security for the sake of national security.† It was in this backdrop that technology had advanced by leaps, and made extensive surveillance possible. The implications are enormous. The data is often used for purposes it is not meant for, including political vendetta, keeping track of rivals, corporates, and digging out facts about a citizen when he may have antagonised those in power. Pranesh Prakash, director of the Centre of Internet and Society (CIS) looked back at the killing of Haren Pandya, the senior Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader in Gujarat. Mr Pandya was using the SIM card of a friend, and it was by tracking the SIM, and through it his location, that the Gujarat government got to know that Mr Pandya had deposed before a commission and indicted the administration for its role in the riots. Eventually, he was found murdered outside a park in Ahmedabad. The Gujarat Police had accessed call details of 90,000 phones. It is also not clear whether mining this kind of data has been effective for the national security purposes, which provide the reason for doing it in the first place. Saikat Datta, resident editor of Daily News and Analysis, and an expert on India’s intelligence apparatus, said a core problem was the absence of any auditing and over sight. â€Å"There needs to be a constant review of the number of calls, emails under surveillance, with questions about whether it is yielding results. But this does not happen, probably because a majority is not for counter-terrorism. There would be trouble if you build accountability mechanisms.† When he sought information under RTI around precisely such issues, he was denied information on the grounds that it would strengthen ‘enemies of the state’. Anja Kovacs, who works with the Internet Democracy Project, said this form of â€Å"mass surveillance† criminalised everybody since it was based on the assumption that each citizen was a â€Å"potential criminal†. She also pointed out that having â€Å"more information† did not necessarily mean it was easier to address security threats – there was intelligence preceding the Mumbai attacks, but it was not acted upon. She added, â€Å"Most incidents have been resolved by traditional intelligence. Investing in agencies, training them better could be more effective.† Bring in the caveats Few argue that the state is not entitled to exercise surveillance at all. In fact, a social contract underpins democratic states. Citizens agree to subject some of their rights to restrictions, and vest the state with the monopoly over instruments and use of violence. In turn, the state – acting within a set of legal principles; being accountable to citizens; and renewing its popular legitimacy through different measures, including elections – provides order and performs a range of developmental functions. This framework, citizens and civil liberty groups worry, is under threat with governments appropriating and usurping authority to conduct unprecedented surveillance. Citizen groups, technology and privacy experts came together globally to draft the International Principles on the Application of Human Rights to Communication Surveillance. It prescribed that any restriction to privacy through surveillance must be ‘legal’; it must be for a ‘legitimate aim’; it must be ‘strictly and demonstrably necessary’; it must be preceded by showing to an established authority that other ‘less invasive investigative techniques’ have been used; it must follow ‘due process’; decisions must be taken by a ‘competent judicial authority’; there must be ‘public oversight’ mechanisms; and ‘integrity of communications and systems’ should be maintained. (Full text available on www.necessaryandproportionate.org)Mr Prakash of CIS, which has done extensive work on surveillance and privacy issues, said, â€Å"An additional principle must be collection limitation or data minimisation.† Giving the instance of Indian Railways seeking the date of birth from a customer booking a ticket, Mr Prakash said this was not information which was neces sary. But it could be used by hackers and many other agencies to access an individual’s private transactions in other areas. The UPA government is finalising a privacy Bill, but its final version is not yet public, and it is not clear how far the government would go in protecting citizen rights. National cyber security Policy 2013 National Cyber Security Policy 2013 This policy aims at facilitating creation of secure computing environment and enabling adequate trust and confidence in electronic transactions and also guiding stakeholders actions for protection of cyber space. †¢ The National Cyber Security Policy document outlines a road-map to create a framework for comprehensive, collaborative and collective response to deal with the issue of cyber security at all levels within the country. †¢ The policy recognises the need for objectives and strategies that need to be adopted both at the national level as well as international level. †¢ The objectives and strategies outlined in the National Cyber Security Policy together serve as a means to: i. Articulate our concerns, understanding, priorities for action as well as directed efforts. ii. Provide confidence and reasonable assurance to all stakeholders in the country (Government, business, industry and general public) and global community, about the safety, resiliency and security of cyber space. iii. Adopt a suitable posturing that can signal our resolve to make determined efforts to effectively monitor, deter & deal with cyber crime and cyber attacks. Salient features of the policy †¢The Policy outlines the roadmap for creation of a framework for comprehensive, collaborative and collective responsibility to deal with cyber security issues of the country. The policy has ambitious plans for rapid social transformation and inclusive growth and India’s prominent role in the IT global market. †¢The policy lays out 14 objectives which include creation of a 5,00,000-strong professional, skilled workforce over the next five years through capacity building, skill development and training. †¢The policy plans to create national and sectoral level 24Ãâ€"7 mechanisms for obtaining strategic information regarding threats to ICT infrastructure, creating scenarios for response, resolution and crisis management through effective, predictive, preventive, proactive response and recovery actions. †¢The policy will also establish a mechanism for sharing information as well as identifying and responding to cyber security incidents and for cooperation in restoration efforts. †¢The policy identifies eight different strategies for creating a secure cyber eco-system including the need for creating an assurance framework apart from encouraging open standards to facilitate inter-operability and data exchange amongst different products or services. †¢There is in place a plan to operate and strengthen the national Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) to operate 24Ãâ€"7 and to act as a nodal agency for all efforts for cyber security, emergency response and crisis management, as an umbrella agency over CERTs. †¢It is expected that he policy w ill cater to the cyber security requirements of government and non-government entities at the national and international levels. The policy will help in safeguarding the critical infrastructure like Air Defence system, nuclear plants, banking system, power infrastructure, telecommunication system and many more to secure country’s economic stability. National Nodal Agency †¢The National Cyber Security Policy, in order to create a secure cyber ecosystem, has planned to set-up a National Nodal Agency. The nodal agency will be coordinating all matters related to cyber security in the country. †¢The nodal agency has a wide mandate as it will cover and coordinate security for all strategic, military, government and business assets. This is distinctive, since, so far, national security regimes have been divided among the Ministry of Defence (for securing India’s borders) and the Ministry of Home Affairs (for national and internal security across States). Public-private partnership to protect national assets †¢Another defining aspect of the policy is the level at which it envisages public-private partnership to protect national assets. †¢There is a clear recognition in the policy that, apart from India’s IT, technology and telecommunications services, large parts of financial & banking services, airline & transportation services, energy and healthcare assets are not only owned by the private sector but, in fact, remain vulnerable to cyber-attacks, both from state and non-state actors. Protection centre †¢A crucial aspect of the policy is building resilience around the Critical Information Infrastructure (CII) by operationalising a 24Ãâ€"7 Nation Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC). The Critical Information Infrastructure will comprise all interconnected and interdependent networks, across government and private sector. †¢The NCIIPC will mandate a security audit of CII apart from the certification of all security roles of chief security officers and others involved in operationalising the CII. Operationalisation †¢The policy will be operationalised by way of guidelines and Plans of Action, notified at national, sectoral, and other levels. While there is a recognition of the importance of bilateral and multilateral relationships, the policy does not clearly identify India’s position vis-à  -vis the Budapest Convention even though government delegations have attended meetings in London and Budapest on related issues in 2012. Why does India need a cyber security policy? †¢Cyber security is critical for economic security and any failure to ensure cyber security will lead to economic destabilisation. †¢India already has 800 million active mobile subscribers and 160 million other Internet users of which nearly half are on social media. India targets 600 million broadband connections and 100% teledensity by 2020. Internet traffic in India will grow nine-fold by 2015 topping out at 13.2 exabytes in 2015, up from 1.6 exabytes in 2010. †¢The ICT sector has grown at an annual compounded rate of 33% over the last decade and the contribution of IT and ITES industry to GDP increased from 5.2% in 2006-7 to 6.4% in 2010-11, according to an IDSA task force report of 2012. †¢Given the fact that a nation’s cyber ecosystem is constantly under attack from state and non-state actors both. It becomes extremely critical for India to come up a coherent cyber security policy. †¢One of the key objectives for the government is also to secure e-governance services where it is already implementing several nationwide plans including the â€Å"e-Bharat† project, a World Bank-funded project of Rs. 700 crore. Criticism The release of the National Cyber Security Policy 2013 is an important step towards securing the cyber space of our country. However, there are certain areas which need further deliberations for its actual implementation. The provisions to take care security risks emanating due to use of new technologies e.g. Cloud Computing, has not been addressed. Another area which is left untouched by this policy is tackling the risks arising due to increased use of social networking sites by criminals and anti-national elements. There is also a need to incorporate cyber crime tracking, cyber forensic capacity building and creation of a platform for sharing and analysis of information between public and private sectors on continuous basis. Creating a workforce of 500,000 professionals needs further deliberations as to whether this workforce will be trained to simply monitor the cyberspace or trained to acquire offensive as well as defensive cyber security skill sets. Indigenous development of cyber security solutions as enumerated in the policy is laudable but these solutions may not completely tide over the supply chain risks and would also require building testing infrastructure and facilities of global standards for evaluation. Indian Armed forces are in the process of establishing a cyber command as a part of strengthening the cyber security of defence network and installations. Creation of cyber command will entail a parallel hierarchical structure and being one of the most important stakeholders, it will be prudent to address the jurisdiction issues right at the beginning of policy implementation. The global debate on national security versus right to privacy and civil liberties is going on for long. Although, one of the objectives of this policy aims at safeguarding privacy of citizen data however, no specific strategy has been outlined to achieve this objective. The key to success of this policy lies in its effective implementation. The much talked about public-private partnership in this policy, if implemented in true spirit, will go a long way in creating solutions to the ever-changing threat landscape. Central Monitoring System (CMS) project – Justified †¢Indian government’s own Central Monitoring System (CMS) project. †¢roughly 160 million users are already being subjected to wide-ranging surveillance and monitoring, much of which is in violation of the government’s own rules and notifications for ensuring â€Å"privacy of communications†. †¢ While the CMS is in early stages of launch, investigation shows that there already exists — without much public knowledge — Lawful Intercept and Monitoring (LIM) systems, which have been deployed by the Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DoT) for monitoring Internet traffic, emails, web-browsing, Skype and any other Internet activity of Indian users. †¢While mobile operators deploy their own LIM system, allowing â€Å"interception† of calls by the government, only after checking â€Å"due authorisation† in compliance with Section 5(2) of the Indian Telegraph Act read with Rule 419(A) of the IT Rules †¢In the case of the Internet traffic, the LIM is deployed by the government at the international gateways of a handful of large ISPs. The functioning of these secretive surveillance systems is out of reach of these ISPs, under lock and key and complete control of the government.

How to Arrange Prepositional Phrases

How to Arrange Prepositional Phrases Prepositional phrases act like adjectives and adverbs to add meaning to nouns and verbs. They can also be arranged to be more effective, or condensed or eliminated to cut the clutter. Heres how: Arranging Prepositional Phrases A prepositional phrase often appears after the word it modifies: A spaceship from Venus landed in my back yard. However, like adverbs, prepositional phrases that modify verbs can also be found at the very beginning or very end of a sentence: In the morning, the Venusians mowed my lawn.The Venusians mowed my lawn in the morning. In both versions, the prepositional phrase in the morning modifies the verb mowed. Rearranging Prepositional Phrases Not all phrases are this flexible, and so we need to be careful not to confuse our readers by misplacing a prepositional phrase: The Venusians swam for two hours after lunch in my pool. This arrangement gives the idea that the visitors from Venus enjoyed lunch in the pool. If this is not the case, try moving one of the phrases: After lunch, the Venusians swam for two hours in my pool. The best arrangement is one thats both clear and uncluttered. Unpacking Prepositional Phrases Although several prepositional phrases may appear in the same sentence, avoid packing in so many phrases that you confuse the reader. The sentence below, for example, is cluttered and awkward: On a rickety stool in one corner of the crowded honky tonk, the folk singer sits playing lonesome songs on his battered old guitar about warm beer, cold women, and long nights on the road. In this case, the best way to break up the string of phrases is to make two sentences: On a rickety stool in one corner of the crowded honky tonk, the folk singer sits hunched over his battered old guitar. He plays lonesome songs about warm beer, cold women, and long nights on the road. Keep in mind that a  long sentence isnt necessarily an effective sentence. PRACTICE: Rearranging Prepositional PhrasesBreak up the long string of phrases in the sentence below by creating two sentences. Be sure to include all of the details contained in the original sentence. Up and down the coast the line of the forest is drawn sharp and clean in the brilliant colors of a wet blue morning in spring on the edge of a seascape of surf and sky and rocks. Eliminating Needless Modifiers We can improve our writing by using adjectives, adverbs, and prepositional phrases that add to the meaning of sentences. We can also improve our writing by eliminating modifiers that add nothing to the meaning. A good writer doesnt waste words, so lets cut the clutter. The following sentence is wordy because some of the modifiers are repetitious or insignificant: Wordy: The steward was really a very friendly and agreeable man, quite round, rotund, and sleek, with a very costly set of dimples around his terribly pleasant smile. We can make this sentence more concise (and thus more effective) by cutting out the repetitious and overworked modifiers: Revised: The steward was an agreeable man, rotund, and sleek, with a costly set of dimples around his smile.(Lawrence Durrell, Bitter Lemons) PRACTICE: Cutting the ClutterMake this sentence more concise by eliminating needless modifiers: It was a rainy morning, dull, wet, and gray, in the early part of the month of December. Common Prepositions about behind except outside above below for over across beneath from past after beside in through against between inside to along beyond into under among by near until around despite of up at down off with before during on without

Free Essays on RDIF Tags

The RDIF Microchip Smaller than a dime, this little electronic capsule could be one of the biggest technological advances in how we share and store our private medical records. It may also be one of the most controversial. It is a microchip implanted under a person’s skin called the VeriChip, and is then scanned with a special reader device to reveal important medical information about the person. The Florida-based company, Applied Digital, makes the VeriChip and hopes that the implant will revolutionize how doctors obtain medical information, mainly in emergency situations. Basically, if a person can’t speak, the emergency medical personnel could just scan that person and quickly be linked to a database that would provide critical information on the patient’s identity, blood type, drug allergies, and medical conditions. These chips also bring up much controversy with privacy rights. It also has many other non-medical uses. RDIF tags have been around for over 50 years, although many of them are larger, battery powered and actively transmit data carried on their chips. Over the last decade, smaller, cheaper passive chips have been developed that only release information when scanned and these chips are now poised to invade many aspects of our lives. â€Å"The technology is coming to the forefront,† says Dan Mullen, president of Association for Automatic Identification and Mobility, a trade group based in Warrendale, Pennsylvania. Most people are unaware that they are already using RFID tags. They use them in security badges that allow access to buildings, or in keys that communicate with a car to allow only the driver in. Many companies are also starting to use the chips to track goods shipped from manufactures to their destination, helping them keep precise track of where items are and avoid them being lost in shipping or warehouses. These tags are routinely implanted in pets, so they can be identified if they are... Free Essays on RDIF Tags Free Essays on RDIF Tags The RDIF Microchip Smaller than a dime, this little electronic capsule could be one of the biggest technological advances in how we share and store our private medical records. It may also be one of the most controversial. It is a microchip implanted under a person’s skin called the VeriChip, and is then scanned with a special reader device to reveal important medical information about the person. The Florida-based company, Applied Digital, makes the VeriChip and hopes that the implant will revolutionize how doctors obtain medical information, mainly in emergency situations. Basically, if a person can’t speak, the emergency medical personnel could just scan that person and quickly be linked to a database that would provide critical information on the patient’s identity, blood type, drug allergies, and medical conditions. These chips also bring up much controversy with privacy rights. It also has many other non-medical uses. RDIF tags have been around for over 50 years, although many of them are larger, battery powered and actively transmit data carried on their chips. Over the last decade, smaller, cheaper passive chips have been developed that only release information when scanned and these chips are now poised to invade many aspects of our lives. â€Å"The technology is coming to the forefront,† says Dan Mullen, president of Association for Automatic Identification and Mobility, a trade group based in Warrendale, Pennsylvania. Most people are unaware that they are already using RFID tags. They use them in security badges that allow access to buildings, or in keys that communicate with a car to allow only the driver in. Many companies are also starting to use the chips to track goods shipped from manufactures to their destination, helping them keep precise track of where items are and avoid them being lost in shipping or warehouses. These tags are routinely implanted in pets, so they can be identified if they are...

International Terrorism (Question Answers) Essay

International Terrorism (Question Answers) - Essay Example Who are the peoples and nations with a stake in the conflict What are the concerns or objections of all sides of the conflict Do you believe that the Kurds are deserving of their own nation-state Or is it simply a fact of life that Kurds will remain a minority in every country they occupy, whether, Turkey, or Iraq, or elsewhere Feel free to consult and cite other sources in addition to the text as you compose your answer. 4. Discuss the rise of Osama bin Laden and Al-Qaeda. What are bin Laden's key issues What attacks or attempted attacks have been linked to Al-Qaeda (include the years) How should America's go about combating bin Laden and Al-Qaeda Or, if you prefer, should we make peace somehow with that organization 5. As you consider everything you have learned about international terrorism, in your opinion what are the most important facts or elements of the material that can be instructive for American foreign policy or counterterrorism efforts Is there anything you have learned or have come to believe (about threats, opportunities, etc) through this course which you sense is not taken seriously enough or even considered by government officials What would characterize your approach to terrorism if you were in a position to advise the President or other high-ranking government officials The main reason for the violence in the Middle East is the issue between Israel and the... Every other issue cited as a possible reasons, such as the power struggle among Arab states and the growing clamor for an Islamic state, contain the same deep-rooted cultural biases (White, 2006). The Palestinians and Jews claimed the same piece of land at different times in their history. Thus, generations of these people have felt bound by the duty to care for their heritage. Like other nations, they equate honor with the justice principle of claiming what they consider to be rightfully theirs. The problem is that in their efforts throughout history to exercise honor and seek justice, much bad blood has been spilled, and that instead of making them realize the futility of fighting over real estate, the blood that has been shed only serve to continue driving both nations to engage each other in an escalating and never-ending quest that they mistakenly hope would lead to peace. Peace would continue to be elusive in the Middle East because of poor political leadership, not only in the Middle Eastern countries but also in the superpower nations, and because of poor education as regards acceptable modes of behavior as a member of a community of nations where people need to respect each other's human rights, but also as regards the virtues of liberty and democracy. When these defects of poor political leadership and education occur in the majority of developed and developing countries, terrorism will continue to have a fertile base on which to thrive. Co-existing in peace and with respect, even among Muslims and Jews, believers and non-believers, is possible provided the people are happy and contented to live together in peace. After all, the same troubles such as petty crimes and land-grabbing are common even among people of the same ethnic

The impact of the internet on speeches or debates in campaigns Essay

The impact of the internet on speeches or debates in campaigns - Essay Example All these debates are live telecasting by the television and internet media. Many people have the belief or myth that only the opinions expressed by the presidential candidate have the power to influence the public opinion. According to Postman (2005), â€Å"Indeed we may have reached the point where the cosmetics has replaced ideology as the field of expertise over which a politician must have competent control†(Postman, 2005, p.4). In other words, the appearance and body languages of the speaker can influence the public immensely. Internet is a medium in which people often discuss the appearance, views and opinions expressed by the candidates. The outcomes of these debates may definitely influence the result of the election. This paper analyses the impact of the internet on speeches or debates in campaigns. Internet and campaigns â€Å"The idea that there is a content called â€Å"the news of the day† was entirely created by the telegraph which made it possible to de contextualized information over vast spaces at incredible speeds† (Postman, 2005, p.8). Instant communication is made possible with the introduction of internet. It is easy for a person in America to communicate with a person in India or Africa instantly using different means of internet based communication. For example, social networks are influencing the people immensely. According to a recent report, Facebook membership has already crossed 1000000000. It should be noted that these people are communicating each other through social networks and exchange their ideas about everything in this world. The use of discussion forums, weblogs (commonly known as blogs), and online discussion groups, allow ongoing dialogues between the candidate, campaign staff, volunteers, and supporters. The Internet’s virtual nature enhances the number and diversity of people participating in campaign discussions, creating â€Å"global conversations that previously would have occurred only i n local groups and conferences (Rice, 2004, p.4) The ongoing political debates between president Obama and his opponent Mitt Romney is watched anxiously by millions of the people all over the world. The recent debate between President Obama and his Republican Party opponent Mitt Romney, about the economic policies of America has been watched with interest by Americans as well as the people in other parts of the world. Reports show that Romney gained an upper hand over Obama after this debate. Plenty of debates are going to happen between these two contesters in near future itself. â€Å"One-third of online adults (33%) say that it is usually easy for them to tell what it true from what is false when it comes to the political information they find online, while 56% say that it is usually difficult for them to determine this† (Attitudes towards the internet’s impact on politics, 2010). One of the major advantages of communication through internet is the ability to stay a nonymous. Internet is a medium through which the unspoken truth and rumours can be spread without fear. For example, it is possible for an Obama fan or a democrat to work against Obama using internet. In fact thousands of political workers are working for their candidate through internet and social networks. These political workers are spreading truths as well as myths or rumours. In politics, only opponents are there