Ethics Notes Chapters 1 and 2 Essay Example

Ethics Notes Chapters 1 and 2 Essay Ethical issues exist in all areas of criminal justice system (from passage of laws to punishment) Criminal justice professionals have discretion Legislators: in making laws Police: in enforcing laws Attorneys and Judges: affecting justice process Correctional Professionals: affecting offenders lives What do criminal justice professionals have in common? power to make decisions duty to enforce the law obligation to provide â€Å"due process† and â€Å"equal protection† for all commitment to â€Å"public service† Goals of the study of ethics -Braswell Become aware of and open to ethical issues Begin developing critical thinking skills Become more personally responsible Understand coercive element of the justice system Develop wholesight (the ability to explore with one’s heart as well as one’s mind) Defining Terms morals The judgment of behavior as right or wrong. ethics The study and analysis of what constitutes good or bad conduct. * The two words are often used interchangeably. meta-ethics Technical investigation of the meaning of ethical terms, as well as how ethical statements can be verified. ormative ethics Definition of right conduct and moral duties. applied ethics Application of ethical principles to specific issues or fields. professional ethics Examination of the behavior of certain professional groups. duties Moral obligations that one must carry out to be considered ethical. supererogatory An act that goes beyond duty and is not required to be considered good or moral. imperfect duties General obligatio n with no specific acts. Honesty Health Family Financial success Beauty What else are values? Are some more important than others? We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics Notes Chapters 1 and 2 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics Notes Chapters 1 and 2 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics Notes Chapters 1 and 2 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To be judgedmoral or immoral,behavior must involve: human acts of free will affecting others. Inventory of Ethical Issues Individual or Other Employees backstabbing and lack of support gossip sexual or racial harassment lying to cover up blame taking credit for others’ work sexual or racial harassment Organization and Employees sexual or racial harassment by supervisors discouraging honest criticism or feedback arbitrary or unfair decisions inadequate compensation inadequate training unrealistic or inappropriate demands putting employees in unnecessary danger By the Individual and Organization work ethic (day’s work for a day’s pay) petty theft of supplies or cash overtime abuse gifts and gratuities falsifying reports misuse of sick days personal use of supplies or equipment Morality and Behavior Even when people know what is right, sometimes they choose to do wrong—why? Criminology Psychology Other fields seek to answer this question Are people fundamentally good or fundamentally bad? Thinking Point Omar Thornton of Connecticut walked into his employer, Hartford Distributors, for a hearing concerning his possible termination. During the meeting, Thornton pulled out a pistol and shot ten of his coworkers, killing eight, before turning the gun on himself. What caused Thornton to carry out this horrific act? Was he born intrinsically bad? Was he a good person that had a tragic turn of circumstances that forced him into a criminal act? Morality = Law ? Ethical Issues and Dilemmas Decriminalization of soft drugs? Sex-offender registries? Death penalty? Mandatory DNA testing? Three-strikes legislation? Racial profiling? Steps for ClarifyingEthical Dilemmas Review all the facts. Identify relevant values of all parties. Identify all moral issues. Identify most immediate moral issue. Resolve the dilemma. CHAPTER 2: Determining Moral Behavior Ethical Systems Deontological Ethical Systems Teleological Ethical Systems Ethical Formalism According to German philosopher Immanuel Kant: Good will (motivation) is the only thing that is intrinsically good. Duty is required behavior. It is self-imposed and necessary to morality. The Categorical Imperative Ethical Formalism: Imperatives Categorical imperatives Are absolute. Are based on good will. Determine morality. You must not lie. Criticisms of Ethical Formalism Utilitarianism Jeremy Bentham An action’s morality depends on how much it contributes to the overall good of society. Humans are hedonistic. They seek to maximize pleasure and avoid pain. ood for the greatest number Thinking Point On April 20th, 2010 a British Petroleum offshore rig exploded killing 11 employees and causing one of the largest oil spills in modern history. Investigators soon located the faulty alarm systems. The alarms did not alert because they had been intentionally disconnected close to a year ago. BP had the alarms turned off in order to allow employees to sleep without being interrupted by false alarms thus creating a better functioning workforce. If the alarms were enabled, the rig would have automatically entered shut down mode, virtually eliminating the oil spill. Was BP’s original â€Å"act† inherently good? Bad? Did they have a duty to act one way or the other? Criticisms of Utilitarianism Religion People hold different opinions about which religion is the â€Å"true† religion. People within a religion often disagree on how to interpret its principles. Religious controversies are often difficult to resolve. Natural Law Criticisms of Natural Law How can we determine what is natural law versus man-made law? What are the â€Å"natural† laws of morality? The Ethics of Virtue Aristotle True virtue is the median between extremes of character: the golden mean. People develop moral virtues through practice, just like any other strength. Eudaimonia: living the â€Å"good life† Six Pillars (Josephson Institute) Trustworthiness : Honesty, sincerity, loyalty Respect : Golden Rule Responsibility : Being accountable Fairness : Equality, impartiality, and due process Caring : Altruism and benevolence Citizenship : Duties of citizenship Criticisms of Ethics of Virtue Basically assumes a good person will make a good decision. Little help for people facing dilemmas. The Ethics of Care Western ethical systems focus on issues like rights, laws, and universalism. Ethics of care—nurturance, meeting needs Criticisms of Ethics of Care The Ethics of Virtue Criticisms of Egoism Violates universalism. Logically inconsistent (for everyone to try and maximize self interest). Enlightened egoism is not too different from categorical imperative or golden rule. Other Methods ofEthical Decision Making The imperative principle directs a decision maker to act according to a specific, unbending rule. The utilitarian principle determines the ethics of conduct by the good or bad consequences of the action. The generalization principle is based on this question: â€Å"What would happen if all similar persons acted this way under similar circumstances? † General Principles ofDecision Making Obtain all facts (including the effects of prospective decisions). Evaluate whether you’d be comfortable with your decision appearing on the front page (in public view). Consider one’s principles to be like a formula – applicable in all situations. Relativism Ethical Relativism Moral systems are products of an individual or group. If people believe different things are good and bad, how can you define what is good? Situational Ethics: A compromise between relativism and absolutism There are basic principles of right and wrong. They can be applied to ethical dilemmas and moral issues. They may call for different results in different situations. 1. Treat each person with the utmost respect and care. 2. Do one’s duty or duties in such a way that one does not violate the first principle. Summary of Ethical Systems Ethical formalism: What is good is that which conforms to the categorical imperative. Utilitarianism: What is good is that which results in the greatest utility for the greatest number. Religion: What is good is that which conforms to God’s will. Natural law: What is good is that which is natural. Ethics of virtue: What is good is that which conforms to the Golden Mean. Ethics of care: What is good is that which meets the needs of those concerned. Egoism: What is good is that which benefits me.

PrepScholar is Hiring! Share With Anyone You Know

PrepScholar is Hiring! Share With Anyone You Know SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips PrepScholar is growing, and we're hiring! If you've enjoyed our resources, you can help us create even better content and tools by helping us hire the best people possible. We're currently hiring for these roles: Full stack software engineer SAT/ACT test content creator Academic adviser SAT/ACT tutor You can find out more about these roles and about us as a company at our careers page:www.prepscholar.com/careers If you're interested in applying yourself, we'd love to hear from you! And if you know anyone who might be interested, I'd be grateful if you shared this with them. If you know someone exceptional who would love to contribute to our mission, I'm confident that person can be a good fit. Looking forward, Allen and the PrepScholar Team Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Law vs. Ethics ( In Training) Business Law Assignments Essay

Law vs. Ethics ( In Training) Business Law Assignments - Essay Example This diversity is also evident especially when according to one person or group, a certain behavior may be unethical or unlawful, but to the other it is acceptable. Ethics comprise of â€Å"divine† behaviors, which an individual ought to do to others, and expect a similar reciprocation despite many of them lacking tangible documentation. Conversely, laws are universal, consistent, legislated, written and accepted directives whose core purpose is to show the government’s position concerning a society’s behavior. Despite laws and ethics being applicable in all occupations entailing human life, they do not have a common standard (Kerridge, Lowe and McPhee 84). Since, the relationship amid the two in some circumstances usually differs despite both having a similar core purpose. For illustration, in some instances what many people perceive to be illegal may be ethical or vice versa whereas in other occasions both the law and ethics overlap. This is evident in the medical field where the law compels the doctor to act as necessitated in providing the necessary assistance to the ailing person, which is also in accordance to ethics (Kerridge, Lowe and McPhee 594). However, it is not a law for the doctor when he or she is unable to handle a certain patient’s condition to refer him or her to a more experienced specialist (Kerridge, Lowe and McPhee 151). This is an ethical responsibility where the doctor acts compassionately to help the patient. The doctor could wait for the hospital’s m anagement to dictate the patient’s next move according to the patient’s progress records. Hence, implying laws are ethically neutral. This is because there is no room where law enforcement process can compel the specialist to act at his or her level best given that ethics emanate from a person’s moral values (Kerridge, Lowe and McPhee 146). In addition, laws compared to the ethics are stricter and entail full conformity where one fails to comply with them. Therefore, one is

Material Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Material Science - Essay Example Graphene is another example of a nano-structural material that is being used in the optic and electronic industry, due to its high energy capacity and also the high rate of charge. Scanning probe microscope works through the use of a physical probe that scans specimens and then provides the recorded data that is depicted in the form of a heat map that takes either an orange or a black and white image. Shear stress refers to the force that pushes particles within a liquid, gaseous or solid material in the direction that is parallel to the surface/plane. On the other hand, tensile stress refers to the forces that push a particle on to the other from varied directions. Compressive stress refers to the forces in the materials that push the material particles against one another. A phase diagram offers information related to the structure of a material through graphic presentation, which indicates the relationship between solid, liquids and gaseous state of a material when the material is heat-treated. It offers information regarding at which heat-point the solid state of material changes to liquid, and at which heat-point the liquid changes into gas. Annealing refers to the heat treatment of a material such that it increases its ductility and becomes more workable. Quenching refers to the rapid cooling of a material through immersion into a liquid such as oil or water, to form a certain material property that is activatable in different material states. Austenitizing refers to the heat-treatment of material such that it attains certain hardening characteristic when it is cooled down through quenching. Normalizing is a heat-treatment method for materials that softens the materials without producing the uniformity of the material property. Collision occurs on the event of two signals being sent through the same channel of transmission, such that the signals collide with each other. Packet collision is a form of

Inter-Global Medicares Expansion Strategy Essay

Inter-Global Medicares Expansion Strategy - Essay Example Having good quality product and service packages would likely attract upper and middle class citizens in the market. These people can afford quality health care. In most cases in the developing countries, such people usually seek alternative opinion on medication from the developed countries. The U. S is one such destination for such patients. This puts into perspective the strategic position that the company would have in such markets. Having a health facility that will be able to offer these services within their countries will thus be a relief as it will save on the travel expenses besides the timeliness in cases of emergencies.The potential audiences for this business plan include potential financers such as monetary lending institutions and possible partners. All these have a common interest in the plan; its viability and the promise for returns. The plan must therefore prove beyond any reasonable doubt that it is achievable and practical. In proving these, it is common knowledg e that most African countries are underdeveloped. They lack the quality basic services such as health care. Despite the poverty levels in the continent, it is also evident that it has some of the world’s richest men. The firm is not setting foot in Africa to exploit the people there, but to assure quality for the money that every single client will opt to invest in own health.Inter- Global Medicare offers both services and product delivery. This thus divides its potential market into two.... All these have a common interest in the plan; its viability and the promise for returns. The plan must therefore prove beyond any reasonable doubt that it is achievable and practical. In proving these, it is common knowledge that most African countries are underdeveloped. They lack the quality basic services such as health care. Despite the poverty levels in the continent, it is also evident that it has some of the world’s richest men. The firm is not setting foot in Africa to exploit the people there, but to assure quality for the money that every single client will opt to invest in own health. Inter- Global Medicare offers both services and product delivery. This thus divides its potential market into two. The company runs both a private hospital and an all-inclusive pharmacy. The first market segment includes those who will seek medical services on the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. These will be the hospital’s clients. Offering both out and in-patient services , the hospital looks forward to having a very busy schedule. On the other hand, the hospital will run a pharmacy. This is a facility which will be developed within the premises of the hospital. This follows an understanding that there are some ailments in which self-medication is effective in controlling. At one time everyone uses such. However, in the purchase of these, the clients normally attach a lot of importance in the effectiveness of the drugs they buy (Tabbush, 2011). To ensure this, the facility plans to have drugs which are affordable availed to the customers at their convenience. This further widens the customer base because of the price disparity between

The Godfather Movie Analysis Film Studies Essay

The Godfather Movie Analysis Film Studies Essay The Godfather (1972) is a one of a kind movie; it is even considered by many an American classic. The American Film Institute (AFI) has The Godfather listed at number two in 2008 as one of the greatest films in American culture today. This movie has everything from great action scenes to world famous actors. This movie stars Marlon Brando, Al Pacino, and James Cann among many others. The Godfather portrays one major theme throughout the entire movie and that is violence. Almost every scene in this movie is either a shot of actual violence accruing or the audience sees some of the characters talking about violence. However, it is the violence in this movie that makes it the classic it is today. The opening scene in The Godfather is of man pleading with Don Vito Corleone (Marlon Brando) to hurt some men out of justice for his daughter. This man tells his story of his daughter being taken advantage of by some young men and it is indicated to the audience that this mans daughter was raped. This opening scene is dark with very little light shown which sets the mood for the entire movie. The audience gets the sense right away the Don Corleone holds the power to make things happen such as justice and make people pay for the wrong they have caused. After what seems to be an eternity Don Corleone grants the man his wish to bring justice to his daughter but in exchange Don Corleone tells the man that one day in the future he will call upon him for a favor. It is here in this scene that we see that Don Corleone is in charge and that violence is the reoccurring theme in the entire movie. The next scene is of a singer Johnny Fontane (Al Martino) which happens to be Don Corleones godson. Johnny is there to ask the Godfather for his help in landing a lead role in an upcoming movie. Johnny believes that if he gets this role it will help boost his career and stardom again. With this request Corleone sends his adopted son Tom Hagen (Robert Duvall) to California to make the director of the movie cast Johnny. After the director refuses to cast Johnny, Tom Hagen cuts the head off the directors favorite horse and puts it in the directors bed while he is sleeping. We assume that after this violence occurs the director casts Johnny in his movie. When the camera shoots to the director in bed there is a lot of blood and the audience actually gets to see a severed horse head. This is scene is very gruesome and realistic. After this scene it is clear that if the Corleone family doesnt get or hear what they want that they will use any action to make their needs met. This scene is use d to show the power the Corleone family holds throughout the country. Again violence was the main objective in this scene. In the upcoming scenes in The Godfather are some of the most important events in the movie because these events are what lead to the continuation of the movie. When Hagen returns from California, the entire Corleone entourage goes to a very important meeting where they meet up with a man named Virgil Sollozzo (Al Lettieri.) Sollozzo wants Corleones corporation in protecting the rival Tattaglia family because of their interest in getting started in trafficking heroin. Coreleone refuses to help because he believes that getting involved with narcotics will destroy his political connections and his reputation. After this meeting Corleone becomes very concerned and sends one of his biggest men, Luca Brasi (Lenny Montana) to check in with Sollozzo to see what he is up to but while Brasi is there he is stabbed in the hand and is beaten to death. Again, we see violence used as a way to get things done. Brasi is killed because Sollozzo is being set up. It comes as a shock to the audience beca use in this scene all of the characters are standing calmly talking to one another when all of a sudden a man takes a knife and stabs Brasi hand into the counter top. The audience gets to experience the entirety of how horrific it is for Brasi because the camera is focused on Brasi hand when the knife goes through it. In this scene it is clear that other families have efficient ways of handling business. It seems as though there is a competition between the different families and who ever can do the most damage is the family who holds the most power. The next major, important scene is where Corleone is shopping in an outdoor market, purchasing fruit. Corleone has his back towards the camera and the audience feels that something bad is about to happen. Moments later the camera shows men running towards Corleone with guns pointed toward him. These men start shooting Corleone until he falls to the ground. These men shot Corleone because he refused Sollozzos offer. At the same time Corleone is being shot, Sollozzo captures Hagen and tries to convince him to tell Corleones oldest son Sonny (James Cann) to take the offer. This is one of the less graphic scenes the audience gets to experience, this is probably done discretely because it represents the respect people hold for Corleone. Here, the audience experiences more of an emotional effect when Corleone is shot. Even though he is a mob boss the audience has learned to except and like Corleone and to see him shot causes sadness. There is hope for us that he is okay and that becomes a relief. The youngest son out of the Corleone family is Micheal (Al Pacino) who is a war hero and is assumed to not follow in the family mob business. This all changes though when Michael goes to visit his father in the hospital and realizes that there is a set up occurring in an attempt to try and kill his father for a second time. When Micheal stops the murder attempt, a corrupt police caption name McCluskey (Sterling Hayden) breaks his jaw out of frustration. Sonny then retaliates by killing Tattaglias son. This is almost another touching scene because we see how emotional Corleone sons are towards their father. The audience really starts to see the meaning of family and how strong their bond is. Michael is really starts to be seen here because he steps up and keeps his cool unlike his brother Sonny. This family is willing to do anything to keep each other together and safe. After Michael gets his jaw broken there is a fire inside of him that is initiated and he wants to seek revenge not only for himself but also for the attempt on his fathers life. With that being said he meets Sollozzo and McCluskey at a small Italian restaurant to settle and end this dispute. Halfway through the meal Michael asks to use the bathroom; in the bathroom Michal has planted a gun so he could kill Solozzo and McCuskey. As Michael returns to the table we hear the sound of a subway train which is loud and very squeaky and this sound contradicts the calm movement and expression on Michaels face. Because of the harsh sound of the subway and Michaels cool attitude the audience knows something bad is about to happen. Then all of sudden Micheal pulls out the gun and shots Sollozzo and McCluskey it the head. At this point the audience starts to notice the strength of violence in this film but it is done in almost a tasteful way. There is never a crime committed in this movie that is nt done without purpose and deep thought. Every murder is thought out and planned carefully. The mafia business is scary to the audience but for these characters it is everyday business that they have to take care of. Even though there is a great deal of violence in this movie and around the corner of every scene there seems to be a murder or crime being committed there is something else the audience gets to experience and that is the strength of family unity. The Corleone family has a very strong bond and will do anything to keep the family safe and together. We especially see this when Sonny gets a phone call from his sister Connie (Talia Shire.) Connie proceeds to tell Sonny that she is being abused by her husband Carlo (Gianni Russo.) With this news Sonny goes and beats up Carlo and warns him that if he touches his sister again he will kill Carlo. Just as the audience expected Carlo beats Connie again and so now Sonny goes to kill him but while Sonny is at a toll booth he is ambushed and shot to death but the other rival families. The last major scene that involves violence is at the very end of the film. The scene starts with christening of Connies baby where Michael is to assume role of the godfather to the child. As the christening proceeds has planned the assassination of the murder for each the heads of the rival families. While the audience sees shots of the christening taking place there is also scene shots of the murders of the heads of the family. Each head is shot to death and this shows the power Michael has now. Michael can be doing some completely different but has the control to handle business while doing something so pure, such as being at a christening. There is great irony in that. It shows the value of family but also how the family business will take over Michaels life. Michael, as much as his father had tried to steer Michael away from the family business is now clearly the new leader and assumes all the responsibility that his father had.

Employee Motivation Essay -- Work Job Employee Motivation Management

Employee Motivation INTRODUCTION In the quest to obtain the maximum from employees and achieve organizational success, employers recognised the need to acknowledge that people have complex needs. With the growing affluence of our society, Singaporeans of today are no longer solely driven by money but also challenges inherent in their responsibility. This is supported by our Senior Minister Goh who recently commented that Singaporeans prefer the experience of working abroad than locally as the foreign employer advocate the importance of not only work, but also the employee’s needs.(TODAY, 15 March 07). Before discussing the motivational strategies, a simplistic approach will be taken, using Hackman Oldham’s Job Characteristics Model, which defines the workforce into two categories. The first category consist of staff in job settings which are low in skill variety, task identity, task significance, low autonomy and feedback and followed by staff in complicated job settings with scorer high in all fronts (Robbins, Millet, Waters-Marsh, 2004). GOAL SETTING / EXPECTANCY THEORY â€Å"Specific hard goals produce a higher level of output than does the generalised goal of ‘do your best† (Robbins, 2003). This statement defines Edwin Locke’s goal-setting theory which advocates giving employees clear targets so that they are aware of what needs to be done and how much effort to be expended. While easier goals are more readily accepted, difficult goals, when accepted, result in higher performance as the specificity of goals itself acts as an internal stimulus. Also, people tend to perform better when timely feedback is provided (Bartol, Tein, Matthews, and Martin, 2005). When applied to individuals who are motivated by inhe... ...cShane, S and Glinow, MA 2003, Organisational Behaviour, McGraw-Hill, New York. McShane, S and Travaglione, T 2007, Organisational Behaviour on the Pacific Rim, Irwin/McGraw-Hill, Sydney. Robbins, SP 2003, Organisational Behaviour, Prentice Hall, Sydney Robbins, SP, Millet, B, and Waters-Marsh, T, 2004, Organisational Behaviour, Prentice-Hall, Sydney Wood, J, Chapman, K, Fromholtz, M, Morrison, V, Wallace, J, Zeffane, R, Kennedy, R, Schermerhorn, J, Hunt, J and Osborn, R 2004, Organisational Behaviour: A Global Perspective, John Wiley & Sons, Brisbane. Internet References â€Å"Singapore leaking talent† http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/specialreport/news/264096_8/1/.html Fortune’s â€Å"Best companies to work for.†http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/01/22/8397996/index.htm AIA Singapore http://www.aia.com.sg/Content.asp?ca_typeid=4